GRAMMAR

 UNIT 1

Present Perfect Simple

·Form:

have/has + past participle

·Uses:

1. an action that started in the past and continues to the present.

2. an action that took place at an unspecified time in the past and is relevant to the present.

·Time Expresions: never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately, in recent years, for, since, How long...?

Past Perfect Simple

·Form:

had + past participle

·Use:

an action that took place before a specific moment in the past.

·Time Expressions: already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just, when, as soon as.

Present Perfect Continuous

·Form:

have/has + been + verd + -ing

·Use:

an action that started in the past and is still going on at the present moment or whose result are still apparent.

·Time Expressions; already, bythe time, after, before, until, never, just, when, as soon as.

Past Perfect Continuous

·Form:

have/ has + been + verb + -ing

·Use:

an action that continued for some time up to another past action.

·Time Expressions: for hours, since last March, all night/ morning/ day/ week, when, until, before.

UNIT 2

REPORTED SPEECH

1. STATEMENTS (aff./neg)

"My name is____"

the teacher said that his/her name was...

                   told us his/her name was...

2. QUESTION (wh- questions) (Yes/No questions) ask, want to know

"What are you doing"

She asked me that I was doing.

"Are you listen to me?"

She asked if/whether I was listening to her.

3. COMMANDS & OTHER (Speech acts)

"I'll help you"

She offered to help you

"I will kill you"

She thereatened to kill you

"Let's have a party"

She suggested having a party

-Rep. verb + to Vinf

-Rep. verb + V-ing

UNIT 3

MODALS

-Can (ability, request, possibility)

-Can't (strong disbelief, prohibition)

-Be able to (ability, possibility)

-Must (obligation, strong belief)

-Mustn't (prohibition)

-Have to/need to (necessity/obligation)

-Don't have to/needn't (lack of necessity)

-Should/ought to (advice)

-May/might (possibility)

-May (polite request, permission)

-Could (past ability, possibility, polite requet)

MODAL PERFECTS

-Should have (criticism or regret after an event)

-Could have (ability to have done something but in fact did not)

-Couldn't have (certainty that something wasn't true)

-May/might have (possibility that something was true)

-Must have (certainty that something was true)

-Would have (willingness to have done something but in fact did not)

UNIT 4

Clases

CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONAL

A general truth or fact [verdad o hecho general]

condition

result

IF / UNLESS / WHEN + Present Simple,

+

Present Simple

If it rains, the ground gets wet. [Si llueve, el suelo se moja]

TIME CLAUSES

condition

result

WHEN (=cuando)

+ Present Simple,

+

Present Simple

UNTIL (=hasta)

BEFORE (=antes)

AFTER (=después)

AS SOON AS (=tan pronto como, en cuanto)

AS LONG AS (=siempre y cuando, mientras que)

When I tell my friends about my problems, I feel better.

[Cuando (=si) cuento mis problemas a mis amigos, me siento mejor]

FIRST CONDITIONAL

A future possibility/probability [Posibilidad/Probabilidad futura]

Advance or suggestion in the form of a command

[Sugerencia o Consejo expresado como una orden]

condition

result

IF / UNLESS / WHEN + Present Simple,

+

WILL/Modal + VBF / Imperative

If it rains, the ground will get wet. [Si llueve, el suelo se mojará]

If you eat too much, you can get sick [Si comes demasiado, puedes ponerte enfermo]

If you go out, buy bread [Si sales, compra pan]

TIME CLAUSES

condition

result

WHEN (=cuando)

+ Present Simple,

+

WILL + VBF

UNTIL (=hasta)

BEFORE (=antes)

AFTER (=después)

AS SOON AS (=tan pronto como, en cuanto)

AS LONG AS (=siempre y cuando, mientras que)

As soon as Jim arrives, we will discuss the problem

[En cuanto (=si) Jim llegue, discutiremos el problema]

ENGLISH 2º BACH Conditionals

Clases

SECOND CONDITIONAL

An imaginary/hipothetical situation [Situación imaginaria/ hipotética]

condition

result

IF / UNLESS + Past Simple,

+

WOULD/Modal + VBF

If it rained, the ground would get wet. [Si lloviera, el suelo se mojaría]

If you ate too much, you could get sick

[Si comieras demasiado, podrías ponerte enfermo]

THIRD CONDITIONAL

An impossible/unfulfilled situation

[Situación imposible/que no se puede cumplir porque ya ha ocurrido]

condition

result

IF + Past Perfect Simple,

+

WOULD Have/Modal Perfect + Past Participle

If it had rained, the ground would have got wet

[Si hubiera llovido, el suelo se habría mojado]

If you had eaten too much, you could have got sick

[Si hubieras comido demasiado, podrías haberte puesto enfermo]

WISH CLAUSES

Discontent about a present situation [descontento por una situación presente]

I WISH / IF ONLY + Past Simple

I wish

our town had more parks

[Ojalá nuestra ciudad tuviera más parques]

If only

[Si nuestra ciudad tuviera más parques…]

Regret about a past situation [arrepentimiento por una situación pasada]

I WISH / IF ONLY + Past Perfect Simple

I wish

we had gone on the tour

[Ojalá hubiéramos ido a la excursión]

If only

[Si hubiéramos ido a la excursión…]

Hope for the future [esperanza en el futuro]

I WISH / IF ONLY + COULD / WOULD + VBF

I wish we could do something to help

[Ojalá pudiéramos hacer algo para ayudar]

If only people would stop eating meat

[Si la gente dejara de comer carne…]

EXCEPCIÓN: would stop=dejara y no dejaría,

UNIT 5

THE PASSIVE

PRESENT SIMPLE

am/is/are + past participle

PAST SIMPLE

was/were + past participle

FUTURE SIMPLE

will + be + past participle

MODALS

modal + be + past participle

MODALS PERFECTS

modal + have been + past participle

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

am/si/are + being + past participle

PAST CONTINUOS

was/were + being + past participle

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

have/has + being + past participle

PAST PERFECT SIMLE

had + been + past participle

THE CAUSATIV

have/get + object + past participle

UNIT 6

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

who/that (peope)

which/that (objects)

when (time)

where (place)

whose (possession)

DEFINIG AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

-Adefinig relative clause provides information that is essential to identifying the noun that it modifies.

-A non-defining relative clause provides informationthat is not essential to identifying the noun that it modifies. We use commas to separate a non-definig relative clause from the main clause. We do not use the relative pronoun that in non-defining relative clause.